Textile fabrics come in a wide variety of types, each playing a crucial role in the world of fashion. As one of the three essential elements of clothing, fabrics have a significant impact on a garment’s overall style and aesthetics. The choice of fabric can highlight the color, design, and character of clothing. So, what are the different textile materials, and what are the common characteristics of textile fabrics? How do we classify textile fabrics? In this comprehensive guide, we will explore the world of textile fabrics.
Usually, it includes Soft Fabrics, Structured Fabrics, Glossy Fabrics, Heavy Wool Fabrics, Sheer Fabrics, and Functional Fabrics. We have also introduced the characteristics of different fabrics categorized by material. They include cotton, linen, silk, wool, leather, synthetic fibers, and blends.
1. Understanding Textile Fabrics
Textile fabrics are created by weaving threads together to form a structured material. To understand them better, we need to be familiar with some key terminology:
1.1. Warp and Weft
Textiles are woven with two sets of threads: the warp and the weft. The warp threads run lengthwise, while the weft threads run widthwise.
1.2. Thread Density
Thread density is a measure of the number of threads in a given space. It’s usually expressed as threads per inch or threads per 10 centimeters. For instance, 4545/10858 means that there are 45 warp threads and 45 weft threads per inch, with warp and weft densities of 108 and 58, respectively.
1.3. Fabric Width
Fabric width refers to the effective width of the textile material. It is often measured in inches or centimeters. Common fabric widths include 36 inches, 44 inches, and 56-60 inches, categorized as narrow, medium, and wide widths, respectively. Fabrics wider than 60 inches are considered extra-wide or simply wide fabrics.
1.4. Weight
The weight of a fabric is typically measured as the weight per square meter (g/m² or GSM). For denim fabric, the weight is often expressed in ounces per square yard (OZ), such as 7 oz or 12 OZ denim.
1.5. Woven and Dyed Fabrics
In Japan, it is called “dyed fabric”. It refers to the process of dyeing yarn or filament, using colored yarn to weave fabric. This kind of fabric is called “dyed fabric”. The factory that produces yarn-dyed fabric is generally called dyeing and weaving. Such as denim, most shirt fabrics are yarn-dyed fabrics.
2. Classification of Textile Fabrics
Now, let’s categorize textile fabrics based on their characteristics and intended use:
2.1. Soft Fabrics
Soft fabrics are lightweight and drapable, with smooth and flowing lines. They include loosely woven knits, silk, and thin linen. Soft knit fabrics are often used in designs that emphasize straight and simple lines, highlighting the body’s graceful curves. Silk and linen fabrics are ideal for loose and pleated designs, creating a sense of fluidity.
2.2. Structured Fabrics
Structured fabrics have clear and defined lines, creating full garment shapes. Cotton, polyester-cotton blends, corduroy, linen, and various medium-weight wool and synthetic fabrics fall into this category. These fabrics are suitable for designs that need precision, such as suits and formal wear.
2.3. Glossy Fabrics
Glossy fabrics have a smooth surface that reflects light, creating a dazzling effect. These include satin fabrics with a glossy surface. They are commonly used in evening gowns and stage performance costumes, producing a striking visual impact. These fabrics offer great versatility in creating both simple and extravagant designs.
2.4. Heavy Wool Fabrics
Heavy wool fabrics are thick and sturdy, allowing for stable and structured designs. They include various types of heavy wool and tweed fabrics. These fabrics are suitable for items like formal suits and coats, where maintaining the garment’s shape is crucial.
2.5. Sheer Fabrics
Sheer fabrics are lightweight and translucent, offering an elegant and mysterious artistic effect. They include cotton, silk, and synthetic fabrics such as chiffon and lace. To emphasize the transparency of these fabrics, designers often opt for flowing, intricate designs, such as A-line and trumpet styles.
2.6. Functional Fabrics
Functional fabrics are designed for specific purposes, such as flame resistance, anti-static properties, or acid and alkali resistance. These fabrics are used in specialized fields where safety and protection are critical.
3. Common Characteristics of Textile Fabrics
Each type of fabric has its unique characteristics:
3.1. Cotton
Cotton fabrics are known for their breathability, moisture-wicking properties, and softness. However, they tend to wrinkle and shrink when washed.
3.2 Linen
Linen fabrics are durable and offer excellent breathability. It is suitable for summer clothing. But, they are prone to wrinkling and can be stiff.
3.3 Silk
Silk fabrics are known for their smooth, luxurious feel and natural sheen. They are comfortable to wear but can be delicate and prone to wrinkling and fading.
3.4 Wool
Wool fabrics provide warmth, softness, and resilience. Yet, they may need special care and can be less comfortable in hot weather.
3.5 Leather
Leather fabrics are lightweight and provide an elegant look. They are relatively expensive and must carefully maintained.
3.6 Synthetic Fabrics
Synthetic fabrics, such as polyester and nylon, offer bright colors, soft texture, and durability. But, they are less breathable and can generate static electricity.
3.7 Blended Fabrics:
Blended fabrics combine the advantages of different materials while minimizing their drawbacks. They are often affordable and versatile.
4. How to Choose Textile Fabrics
Selecting the right textile fabric is essential for making informed purchasing decisions:
4.1 Consider Fabric itself:
Different fabrics have varying costs and quality levels. So better materials and workmanship produce superior products. When choosing woven, finished, anti-wrinkle, and soft fabrics for curtains and upholstery, it is better to pay attention to the fabric label and check for formaldehyde content.
4.2 Examine the Craftsmanship:
Distinguish between different types of textiles and craftsmanship. Fabrics can be plain-woven, twill-woven, printed, embroidered, or jacquard. Complex designs have become more popular over time. Knit fabrics have become softer.
4.3 Check the Labels and Packaging:
Qulifed manufacturers typically provide detailed product labels, including their addresses and contact information. Be cautious when buying products with incomplete or inaccurate labeling.
4.4 Smell for Unusual Odors:
When purchasing textiles, you can check for any unusual odors. A strong, pungent smell may indicate the presence of residual formaldehyde. So it’s best to avoid such products.
4.5 Choose the Right Colors:
Opt for lighter-colored products, it can reduce the risk of formaldehyde and colorfastness issues. Quality products display vibrant and detailed prints with no color differences or staining.
4.6 Focus on Coordination:
As people’s living standards rise, consumers are increasingly interested in high-quality living spaces. Thus, it’s essential to consider how they will coordinate with your home decor when purchasing textiles.
5. How To Caculate Fabric Yardage
Understanding fabric yardage is essential when planning sewing or upholstery projects.
One Yard of Fabric: One yard of fabric equals 0.9144 meters.
One Foot of Fabric: One foot of fabric equals 0.3333 meters.
One Inch of Fabric: One inch of fabric equals 2.54 centimeters.
Calculating Length per Kilogram:
To calculate the length of fabric per kilogram, use the formula: 1000 grams / square meter weight/fabric width in meters.
For example, if you have velvet with a weight of 250 grams, and a garment manufacturer measures that 2 meters is needed. The calculation would be 1000 / 250 g / 2 m = 2 meters per kilogram.
6. Fabric Care and Washing
Different fabrics require different care when washing:
6.1. Cotton Fabrics
Cotton fabrics have low resistance to alkali and high-temperature washing. So it looks good to use various soaps or detergents. Avoid soaking for an extended period to prevent color damage.
6.2. Linen Fabrics
Linen fabrics can become rough when exposed to excessive force, so handle them gently. Avoid hard brushing or vigorous scrubbing to prevent fabric pilling.
6.3. Silk Fabrics
Silk fabrics should be soaked briefly and washed using neutral soap, detergent, or a gentle bath solution. Avoid wringing or twisting, and refrain from exposing silk to direct sunlight.
6.4. Wool Fabrics
Wool fabrics are sensitive to high temperatures and vigorous washing. Always use a neutral detergent at most of 40°C. It’s crucial not to wring wool fabric to prevent shrinkage.
6.5. Viscose Fabrics
Viscose fabrics have a high shrinkage rate and low wet strength. They require special attention during washing. To prevent stiffness when they come into contact with water, it’s best to “gently wash” them. Use a neutral or mildly alkaline detergent. Keep the water temperature ＜ 45°C. After washing, gently fold the garment to remove excess water, avoiding wringing. Never expose viscose fabrics to direct sunlight. Instead, let them air dry in a cool, well-ventilated area.
6.6. Polyester Fabrics
For polyester fabrics, start by soaking them in cold water for 15 minutes. Use a regular synthetic detergent to wash with water temperature ＜ 45°C. For heavily soiled areas like collars and cuffs, you can use a soft brush. After washing, lightly squeeze out excess water, and allow the fabric to air dry in a shaded, well-ventilated space. Avoid excessive heat, as it can cause wrinkling.
6.7. Acrylic Fabrics
Washing acrylic fabrics is similar to washing polyester. Begin by soaking them in warm water for 15 minutes and then use a low-alkaline detergent. Be gentle and avoid excessive rubbing. For thicker fabrics, you can use a soft brush. Finally, gently wring out excess water and allow pure acrylic fabrics to air dry. For blended fabrics, follow the care instructions for the most delicate component.
6.8. Cotton-Blend Fabrics
Cotton-blend fabrics can be cared for by soaking them in cold water for 15 minutes first. Washing with regular detergent (regardless of its alkalinity). Keep the water temperature ＜ 45°C. After washing, let the fabric air dry in a well-ventilated area but avoid direct sunlight.
6.9. Rayon Fabrics
Rayon fabrics should be soaked in room temperature water before washing. Use a regular laundry detergent but avoid using hot water as it can cause rayon fibers to swell and harden. After washing, let the fabric air dry, but avoid exposing it to direct sunlight.
7. Understanding Fabric Processing Techniques
Fabric processing involves various techniques that determine a fabric’s texture and properties. Let’s briefly look at some common processing methods:
7.1. Woven Fabrics
These are created by interlacing horizontal (weft) and vertical (warp) threads. It forms patterns like denim, satin, and linen.
7.2. Knits
Fabrics are produced by knitting yarn into interconnected loops. They include weft and warp knits, producing materials like jerseys and rib knits.
7.3. Nonwovens
Made by bonding or sewing fibers together rather than weaving or knitting. Common methods include adhesive bonding and needle punching to produce nonwoven fabric.
7.4. Textured Fabrics
Textured fabrics are created by manipulating the yarn or fabric’s surface to produce a textured appearance or hand.
7.5. Blended Fabrics
These combine two or more different fibers during spinning and then use the blended yarns to weave or knit the fabric.
7.6. Woven Patterns
Patterns are formed by weaving colored yarns into the fabric during the manufacturing process. It creates fabrics like checkered or striped shirts.
7.7 Printing and Dyeing
Fabrics may be printed with various designs or dyed to achieve vibrant colors. This method is used for many decorative and colorful textiles.
7.8. Mixing Fabrics
Fabrics are woven or knitted by mixing different types of yarns or filament fibers.
7.9. Interwoven Fabrics
These fabrics use different types of yarn or filament bundles for the warp and weft. It creates intricate and fascinating texture.
It can extend your clothing life by understanding the types of fabrics and the appropriate care techniques. Following these simple care guidelines is very important. As it saves you money and reduces waste. etc.
8. Exploring China’s Top 10 Textile Manufacturers
China’s textile industry is a global powerhouse. It is known for its massive production scale, technological advancements, and diverse range of textiles. It introduces China’s top 10 textile manufacturers. it highlights their key features, products, and notable achievements.
8.1. Weiqiao Pioneering
Weiqiao Pioneering stands as a colossal enterprise amalgamating 11 production bases. It encompasses textile, dyeing, apparel, home textiles, and thermoelectric industries.
They predominantly manufacture all types of yarn and all types of fabric, including various cotton yarn and fabric, diverse polyester yarn and fabric. It also produces core-spun yarn and innovative types of yarn like compact spun, siro spun, vortex spun, section-colored yarn, and snowflake yarn. Products are high-density elastic fabrics, denim (conventional, elastic, and bamboo-sectioned), and various large and small jacquard fabrics. They achieved an international benchmark with cotton yarn reaching a maximum yarn count of 1800, excelling in all parameters.
Established: 1998
Location: Binzhou City
2022 Financial Data: Total operating income of 16.574 billion yuan, with a net loss of 1.558 billion yuan.
8.2. Jiangsu Sunshine
They have the capacity to produce an average of 100,000 meters of high-quality worsted wool fabric and 10,000 sets of suits daily.
The company has diversified into various industries, including woolen textile garments, medical equipment, ecological forestry, big data management, and overseas mining. They also handle the secretariat work for the ISO International Standardization Organization.
Founded: 1986
Location: Jiangyin City
2022 Financial Data: Total Revenue – CNY 1.993 billion; Net Profit – CNY 0.117 billion.
8.3. Shangtex
Industrial Textiles: The group has 30 industrial textile enterprises across the country. Among 28 automotive textile suppliers supply products to top car manufacturers, such as Mercedes-Benz, BMW, Audi, Volkswagen, General Motors, Honda, and more. Additionally, there is one membrane structure enterprise and one military belt enterprise.
New Fiber Development: The group focuses on developing new, high-tech and friendly functional fibers and material products. They have a range of proprietary new fibers with self-owned intellectual property rights. They are aromatic polyamide high-temperature resistant fibers and Liyozhu fibers (a global first).
Founded: 1986
Location: Jiangyin City
2022 Financial Data: Total Revenue – CNY 1.993 billion; Net Profit – CNY 0.117 billion.
8.4. Hengli Group
It has an extensive presence in the oil refining, petrochemical, polyester new materials, and textile industries. They possess a large PTA (Purified Terephthalic Acid) factory, a production base for functional fibers, and manufacturing enterprises.
Their PTA industrial park boasts an annual production capacity of 12 million tons. Their polyester new materials segment exhibits an annual polymerization capacity of 6 million tons. In the textile sector, Hengli Group has an arsenal of over 40,000 production devices. It operates at a colossal scale of 4 billion meters per year.
Established: 1994
Location: Suzhou City
2022 Financial Data: Total Revenue – CNY 222.373 billion; Net Profit – CNY222.373 billion.
8.5. Lutai Textile is
It is a textile industry giant with 700,000 spindles and 102,000 yarn spools at its disposal. They possess the capacity to annually produce 220 million meters of dyed and woven fabrics, along with 90 million meters of printed fabrics. Additionally, they can produce a staggering 30 million dress shirts per year.
Established: 1995
Location: Zibo City
2022 Financial Data: Total Revenue – CNY 4.571 billion; Net Profit – CNY 97 million.
8.6. TEXHONG
It boasts an impressive production capacity with 4.2 million spindles and 1,400 jet looms. They cover a wide range of product categories, including yarn, greige fabric, woven fabric, knits, denim, and nonwoven fabric.
TEXHONG is known for its collaboration with U.S.-based Lycra, offering a patented Lycra elastane series. It is widely used in branded clothing fabrics. They also work with Austria’s Lenzing AG to produce fabrics using Tencel fibers and Modal fibers.
It utilizes an environmentally friendly approach by incorporating polyester and other fibers into its blended yarns. The collaboration with Japan’s Toray Industries strengthens their presence in developing acrylic warm knitted yarns.
Established: 1997
Location: Shanghai
2022 Financial Data: Total Revenue – CNY 23.805 billion; Net Profit – CNY 157 million.
8.7. Shenzhou Group
With manufacturing facilities in Yunnan Province, China, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam, and Phnom Penh, Cambodia, it is a global leader in the apparel industry. The company employs over 90,000 people worldwide. it has an annual production capacity of more than 200,000 tons of high-quality knitted fabrics. It also produces approximately 500 million knitted garments annually.
Established: 1988
Location: Ningbo City
2022 Financial Data: Total Revenue – CNY 27.781 billion; Net Profit – CNY 4.563 billion.
8.8. Huafang Group
Huafang Group focus on cotton spinning. It encompasses four major business units: cotton spinning, color weaving, weaving and dyeing, and wool spinning. The company has 2 million spindles for cotton spinning, 1,500 weaving machines, and 150,000 spindles for fine wool spinning.
Established: 1975
Location: Zhangjiagang City
8.9. JF
JF specializes in the production of knitwear, shirts, functional fabrics, and fashion accessories. With decades of experience, JF is dedicated to delivering top-quality products to its customers.
Established: 1995
Location: Qingdao City
8.10. NANSHAN
It is a key player in the textile industry. The company’s primary focus lies in the production of premium fine wool, clothing, and ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene, with an annual production capacity of 3,600 tons. It has effectively addressed the domestic demand for high-tech fibers. They are widely used in aerospace and marine development.
Established: 1992
Location: Yantai City
2022 Financial Data: Total Revenue – CNY 1.634 billion; Net Profit – CNY 187 million.
